Supposedly, birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.
Worldwide, there are over 10,000 species.
The
largest bird is the ostrich; it is flightless. Research suggests that after
the demise of dinosaurs, a flying bird like the ostrich’s ancestor was able to
forage on the ground. Over time, it grew bigger and ultimately lost the ability
to fly. An ostrich egg weighs 3-5 pounds, the size of a cantaloupe, and takes
two hours to hard boil!
The
smallest species is the bee hummingbird. Why the hum? The wings beat fast
(hum) as they hover like a helicopter. Flying backwards is also possible. Its
egg is the size of a pea, and the nest is one inch in diameter. An adult may
reach 0.071 ounces.
Two
categories classify newborns. An altricial bird, such as a songbird or
hummingbird, is born featherless or sparse, eyes closed, and helpless. A
precocial bird, such as a duck or shorebird, is born down covered, eyes open,
and active. The black-necked stilt, a shorebird, may leave its nest within one
hour of birth; it readily combs the shallow water for food. Yet, an altricial
bird gains independence sooner.
When
a nestling (completely dependent stage) matures, it leaves the nest and becomes
a fledgling. It may not fly well and often hops around, vulnerable to
predators. Identifying features are short flight feathers on wings and tail.
Generally, the parents guard nearby.
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| Juvinile Cardinal - photo Brett Pigon |
Distinguishing age relies on molt patterns and
plumage. The feathers of a young bird are less organized and stubby. Sexual
maturity varies. A smaller bird matures earlier—the northern cardinal takes one
year, and the bald eagle takes four to five years.
Communication abounds. Even before birth, a chick
inside an egg issues calls to parents. A bird releases short and simple calls
for flight and danger; an intricate song attracts a mate or declares territorial
defense.
Singing is learned early. A nestling memorizes. As
a fledgling, it practices for months. One song or more is memorized with
varying versions. The brown thrasher song types exceed 1,000.
The
mockingbird, Florida’s state bird, is a songbird that can mimic other birds,
insects, frogs, cats, and even squeaky doors. Its own varied and repetitive
vocals may last all night in the springtime.
Trivia…Eat like a bird is misleading—a bird
may eat twice its weight daily. Feeding waterfowl white bread crumbs causes
malnutrition—nourishing food is shunned. A bird’s heart beats up to 1000 times
per minute when flying. A bird does not sweat.
Indeed, birds are essential! They eat insects,
pollinate, and disperse seeds. Moreover, especially during the breeding season,
breathtaking colors are displayed. Such treasures!
